…but recognition and appreciation of women should be forever ongoing.
Are ya with me?
Good morning!
Since AH and A Librarian are both recognizing all that happened in 1862, I thought I would jump in and join in on this moment in herstory. The term “history” is catered to the men. I, like Claudia have used, and enjoy the term “herstory” especially when the subject is “women”.
July 16th 1862 might not have been a date for anything special, but for a certain mother-to-be it was a day of celebration. For this mother-to-be became a mother, by giving birth to her little baby daughter whom she named Ida.
Little did Elizabeth and James Wells know in their moment of bliss, that their daughter Ida B. Wells would grow up to be one amazing woman, that they surely would be proud of.
Another gem from Wikipedia. Like the others that I have posted, this is such an interesting read. I encourage you all to really read it. This is our history… women’s herstory.
On another note, I find this especially interesting because most of our women in herstory that I have blogged about, I have heard of…their stories are told and they are revered…and not just during Women’s History Month… I mean Women’s Herstory Month.:)
But how many of you have heard of Ida B. Wells? I had not. Could it be because she was a “woman”, and not to mention a “black” woman, and hasn’t had the recognition that she deserved? Or am I just not on the up and up when it comes to women in herstory? Maybe so. You tell me.
All I can say is what Wells accomplished in her life is truly remarkable and inspiring, and she should be recognized and revered by all for all that she as done for women and men.
Ida Bell Wells-Barnett (July 16, 1862 – March 25, 1931) was an African American journalist, newspaper editorand, with her husband, newspaper owner Ferdinand L. Barnett, an early leader in the civil rights movement. She documented the extent of lynching in the United States, and was also active in the women’s rights movement and the women’s suffrage movement.
Life
Ida B. Wells was born in Holly Springs, Mississippi in 1862,[1] just beforePresident Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation. Her father James Wells was a carpenter and her mother was Elizabeth “Lizzie” Warrenton Wells. Both parents were enslaved until freed at the end of the Civil War.
Ida’s father James was a master at carpentry and known as a race man. He was also very interested in politics, but he never took office. Her mother Elizabeth was a cook for the Bolling household before she was torn apart from the family. She was a religious woman who was very strict with her children, for their best interests. Wells’ parents took their children’s education very seriously. They wanted their children to take advantage of having the opportunity to be educated and attend school.
Wells attended the Freedmen’s School Shaw University, now Rust College in Holly Springs. She was expelled from Rust College for her rebellious behavior and temper after confronting the President of the college. During her time at college, on a visit to her grandmother in Mississippi Valley, she received word that her hometown of Holly Springs had been hit by the Yellow Fever epidemic.[citation needed] When she was 16, both Wells’ parents and her 10-month old brother, Stanley, died of yellow fever during a epidemic that swept through theSouth.[2]
At a meeting following the funeral, friends and relatives decided that the six remaining Wells children would be sent to various foster homes. Wells was devastated by the idea and, to keep the family together, dropped out of high school and found employment as a teacher in a black school. She was determined to keep her family together, even under the difficult circumstances. Her grandmother, Peggy Wells, along with other friends and relatives as well, stayed with the children during the week while she was away to teach; without this help she would have not been able to provide for the family. She used teaching as a way to support herself and her family, however she didn’t have a passion for it. She thought it was unfair that white teachers were making $80 a month when she was only making $30. This had caused her to find an interest in racial politics and improving education of blacks.
In 1883, Wells moved to Memphis. There she got a teaching job, and during her summer vacations she attended summer sessions at Fisk University in Nashville, whose graduates were well respected in the black community. She also attended LeMoyne Institute. Wells held strong political opinions and she upset many people with her views on women’s rights. When she was 24, she wrote, “I will not begin at this late day by doing what my soul abhors; sugaring men, weak deceitful creatures, with flattery to retain them as escorts or to gratify a revenge.”
On May 4, 1884, a Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad Company train conductorordered Wells to give up her seat on the train and move to the smoking car, which was already crowded with other passengers. At the time, the Supreme Court had just struck down, in the Civil Rights Cases (1883), the federal Civil Rights Act of 1875, which banned racial discrimination in public accommodations. Several railroad companies were able to continue legal racial segregation of their passengers.
Wells protested and refused to give up her seat, 71 years before Rosa Parks. The conductor and two other men dragged Wells out of the car. When she returned to Memphis, she immediately hired an African American attorney to sue the railroad. Wells became a public figure in Memphis when she wrote a newspaper article, for “The Living Way,” a black church weekly, about her treatment on the train.
When her lawyer was paid off by the railroad, she hired a white attorney. She won her case on December 24, 1884, when the local circuit court granted her a $500settlement. The railroad company appealed to the Tennessee Supreme Court, which reversed the lower court’s ruling in 1885, concluding that, “We think it is evident that the purpose of the defendant in error was to harass with a view to this suit, and that her persistence was not in good faith to obtain a comfortable seat for the short ride.” Wells was ordered to pay court costs. While teaching elementary school, Wells was offered an editorial position for the Evening Star. She also wrote weekly articles for The Living Way weekly newspaper under the pen name “Iola.”
She slowly gained a reputation for writing about the race issue in the United States. In 1889, she became co-owner and editor of Free Speech and Headlight, an anti-segregationist newspaper based at the Beale Street Baptist Church in Memphis that published articles about racial injustice.
In March 1892, racial tensions were rising in Memphis. Violence was becoming the norm, especially with the appearance of the KKK. A grocery store, the People’s Grocery Company, owned by three black men, Thomas Moss, Calvin McDowell, and Henry Stewart, was perceived as taking away a substantial amount of business from a white-owned grocery store that was across the street. One night, while Wells was out of town in Natchez, MS, selling newspaper subscriptions, a white mob invaded the grocery store, which ended in three white men being shot and injured. Moss, McDowell, and Stewart, who were Wells’ friends, were jailed. A largelynch mob stormed the jail cells and killed them.
After the lynching of her friends, Wells wrote an article in the Free Speech urging blacks to leave Memphis: “There is, therefore, only one thing left to do; save our money and leave a town which will neither protect our lives and property, nor give us a fair trial in the courts, but takes us out and murders us in cold blood when accused by white persons.” Wells emphasized the public spectacle of the lynching. Over 6,000 blacks did leave; others organized boycotts of white-owned businesses. Being personally threatened with violence, Wells wrote in herautobiography that she bought a pistol: “They had made me an exile and threatened my life for hinting at the truth.”[3]
The murder of her friends sparked Wells’ interest in researching the real reason behind lynching. She began investigative journalism about lynching, looking at the charges given as reasons to lynch black men. She wrote an article that implied that liaisons between black men and white women were consensual. While she was away in Philadelphia, The Free Speech was destroyed on May 27, 1892, three months after the murders of Moss, Stewart, and McDowell.
She went from Philadelphia to New York City. The New York Age printed her articles as she continued her fight against lynching. Her speaking abilities were tested for the first time when she was asked to speak in front of many important African American women of the time.
As she spoke about the lynchings of Moss, McDowell, and Stewart, she began to cry. Wells became the head of the Anti-Lynching Crusade, later moving to Chicagoto continue her work.
She was known as one of the most influential and inspiring black leaders of the time, along with Fredrick Douglas. Wells and other black leaders, among themFrederick Douglass, organized a boycott of the 1893 World’s Columbian Expositionin Chicago. Ida B. Wells, Frederick Douglass, Irvine Garland Penn and Ferdinand L. Barnett wrote sections of a pamphlet to be distributed during the exposition. Reasons Why the Colored American Is Not in the World’s Columbian Exposition detailed the progress of blacks since their arrival in America and the workings of Southern lynchings. She later reported to Albion W. Tourgée that copies of the pamphlet had been distributed to over 20,000 people at the fair.[4] After the World’s Fair in Chicago, Wells decided to stay in the city instead of returning to New York City and in 1893 took work with the Chicago Conservator, oldest African American newspaper paper in the city.
Also in 1893, Wells contemplated a libel suit against two black Memphis attorneys. She again turned to Tourgée, who had trained and practiced as a lawyer and judge, for possible free legal help. Deeply in debt, Tourgée could not afford to do the work, but he asked his friend Ferdinand L. Barnett if he could. Barnett accepted the pro bono job. Ferdinand was born in Alabama. Along with being a lawyer, he was the editor of the “Chicago Conservator” in 1878. The first time Ida met Ferdinand was at a meeting of the Ida B. Wells Club, where Ferdinand was president of the club. Ferdinand was an assistant state attorney for 14 years.[5] In 1895, he and Wells were married.[6] She set an early precedent as being one of the first married American women to keep her own last name with her husband’s. This was very unusual for that time.
The two had four children: Charles, Herman, Ida, and Alfreda. In a chapter of her autobiography titled “A Divided Duty”, she explains the difficulty she had splitting her time between her family and her job. Wells continued to work after the birth of her first child, traveling and bringing him along with her. Although she tried to balance the two worlds, she was not as active and, as Susan B. Anthony said, Wells “was distracted”. She returned home after having her second child because she could no longer balance her job with her family.
She received much support from other prolific social activists and her fellow clubwomen. In his response to her article in the Free Speech, Frederick Douglass expressed approval of Wells-Barnett’s literature: “You have done your people and mine a service…What a revelation of existing conditions your writing has been for me” (Freedman, 1994). Wells- Barnett took her campaign into Europe with the help of many supporters. In 1896, Wells founded the National Association of Colored Women, and also founded the National Afro-American Council, which later became the NAACP. Wells formed the Women’s Era Club, the first civic organization for African-American women. This club later became the Ida B. Wells Club, in honor of its founder.
In 1899, Wells was struggling to manage a home life and a career life, but she was still a fierce competitor in the anti-lynching circle.[7] This was illustrated when The National Association of Colored Women’s club met that year in Chicago. To Wells’ surprise, she was not invited to take part in the festivities. When she confronted the president of the club, Mrs. Terrell, Wells was told that Terrell had received letters from the women of Chicago that if Wells were to take part in the club, they would no longer aid the association. However, Wells later came to find out that the real reason she had not been invited was because Mrs. Terrell’s selfish intentions. Mrs. Terrell had been president of the association 23years’ running and wanted to be elected a third time. Mrs.Terrell thought the only way of doing that was to keep Wells out of the picture.[citation needed]
After traveling through the British Isles and the United States teaching and giving speeches to bring awareness to the lynching problems in America, Wells settled in Chicago and worked to improve conditions for the rapidly growing African American population there. The rapid increase of African Americans into the population led to racial tensions much like those in the South. There were also tensions between the African American population and the immigrants from Europe, who were now in competition for jobs. Wells spent the latter thirty years of her life working on urban reform in Chicago. While there, she also raised her family and worked on her autobiography. After her retirement Wells wrote her autobiography, Crusade for Justice (1928). The book, however, was never finished; in fact, it ends in the middle of a sentence, in the middle of a word. She died of uremia in Chicago on March 25, 1931, at the age of sixty-eight.
Europe
Ida B. Wells took two tours to Europe on her campaign for justice, the first in 1893 and the second in 1894. While she was in Europe she spent her time in both Scotland and England, where she gave many speeches and newspaper interviews.
In 1893, Wells went to Great Britain at the behest of British Quaker Catherine Impey. An opponent of imperialism and proponent of racial equality, Impey wanted to be sure that the British public was informed about the problem of lynching. Wells went to rally a new reform moral crusade to the English. Although Wells and her speeches, complete with at least one grisly photograph showing grinning white children posing beneath a suspended corpse, caused a stir among audiences, they still remained doubtful. Her intentions were to raise money and expose the United States problem with lynching, but Wells was paid so little that she could barely pay her travel expenses.[8]
Many people that heard her speak were repulsed by the information they were given. This helped to keep the audience interested and engaged in what Wells was trying to educate them on. Christian churches in Europe did not like Wells because she talked badly about American churches, stating that they did not help her with her cause.
Relationships of mixed race were looked harshly upon in those times and were seen as rape. This resulted in the lynching of black individuals (mostly men). Wells, however, worked very hard to make a point that these relationships were actually voluntary relations.
Wells returned to Great Britain in 1894. Before leaving she called on the Editor ofDaily Inter-Ocean, Mr. William Penn Nixon, and told him about her return to Britain. As she points out in her book Crusade for Justice, the Daily Inter- Ocean,a Chicago-based paper, was the only paper in America which had persistently denounced lynching. Mr. Nixon asked her to write for the newspaper while away, and she very gladly accepted the opportunity.[9] In doing so, she became the first black woman to be a paid correspondent for a mainstream white newspaper.[10](Tourgée had been writing a column for the same paper, which was the local Republican Party organ and competitor to the Democratic Chicago Tribune.)[11]
Wells column was called “Ida B. Wells Abroad.” An example of an article that she wrote was called “In Pembroke Chapel.” [12] This specific article focused on her invitation to speak in the Pembroke chapel whose reverend was C.F. Aked. She describes the reverend as “one of the most advanced thinkers in the pulpit of today.”[13] He himself was not confident about the stories that Ida B. Wells told, but he went to New York for the World’s Fair and actually saw the reports on the Miller lynching in Bardwell, Kentucky.[14] After that point he knew that Ida B. Wells was telling the truth. She was well accepted in Europe. Most of the people there were shocked about the treatment of African Americans in the United States. Wells was successful in spreading the news and getting people to formally release statements saying they disapproved of the situation in America. On a number of accounts, she was faced with people who protested what she was saying, and in these moments she was able to support all of the information with research and studies that she had found.
Ida B. Wells’ two tours to Europe helped gain support for her cause. She called for the formation of groups to formally protest the actions of white Americans and the lynchings they commit. Wells was a major influence for the formation of many groups across Europe, which helped lead to the international pressure on America for equality.
Willard controversy
It was in England that Wells and Frances Willard first clashed. Willard was the secretary of the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union, one of the most formidable Women’s organization in the country, with branches in every state and a membership of over 200,000. Willard had used the issue of Temperance to politicize women who saw organizing for suffrage as too radical.[15]
Wells’ anti-lynching campaign brought the two to England concurrently. As Wells described the horrors of American lynchings, British liberals were incredulous that White women such as Willard-who had been heralded in the English press as the “Uncrowned Queen of American Democracy”- would turn a blind eye to such violence. Wells correctly accused Willard of being silent on the issue of lynchings, and of making racial comments which would add fuel to the fire of mob violence.[16] To support her assertion, Wells referred to an interview Willard had conducted during a tour of the South in which Willard had blamed Blacks for the defeat of temperance legislation there and had cast aspersions on the race. “The colored race multiplies like the locusts of Egypt,” she had said, and “the grog shop is its center of power… The safety of women, of childhood, of the home is menaced in a thousand localities.”[16]
In response, Willard and her powerful hostess and counterpart, Lady Somerset, attempted to use their influence to keep Wells’ comments out of the press. Wells responded by revealing that despite Willard’s abolitionist forbears and Black friends, no Black women were admitted to the WCTU’s southern branches.[citation needed]
The dispute between Wells and Willard in England intensified the mean campaign against Wells in the American Press. The New York Times ran an article insisting that Black men were prone to rape, and that Wells was a “slanderous and nasty minded mulatress” who was looking for more “income” than “outcome.” These vitriolic attacks in the American press swayed many Britons to Wells’ cause. “It is idle for men to say that the conditions which Miss Wells describes do not exist,” a British editor wrote. “Whites of America may not think so; British Christianity does and all the scurrility of the American press won’t alter the facts.”[17]
Wells’ British tour was ultimately a personal success, and led to the formation of the British Anti-Lynching Committee, which included such notables and the Duke of Argyll, the Archiboshop of Canterbury, members of Parliament, and the editors of The Manchester Guardian.[17]
Writings (Southern Horrors and The Red Record)
In 1892 she published a pamphlet titledSouthern Horrors: Lynch Law in All Its Phases, and A Red Record, 1892-1894, which documented research on a lynching. Having examined many accounts of lynching based on alleged “rape of white women,” she concluded that Southerners concocted rape as an excuse to hide their real reason for lynchings: black economic progress, which threatened not only white Southerners’ pocketbooks, but also their ideas about black inferiority.
The lesson this teaches and which every Afro-American should ponder well, is that a Winchester rifle should have a place of honor in every black home, and it should be used for that protection which the law refuses to give. When the white man who is always the aggressor knows he runs as great a risk of biting the dust every time his Afro-American victim does, he will have greater respect for Afro-American life. The more the Afro-American yields and cringes and begs, the more he has to do so, the more he is insulted, outraged and lynched.
-excerpt from Southern Horrors: Lynch Law in All Its Phases
The Red Record is a one hundred page pamphlet describing lynching in the United States since the Emancipation Proclamation, while also describing blacks’ struggles since the time of the Emancipation Proclamation. The Red Recordbegins by explaining the alarming severity of the lynching situation in the United States. An ignorance of lynching in the U.S., according to Ida, developed over a span of ten years. Ida talks about slavery, saying the black man’s body and soul were owned by the white man. The soul was dwarfed by the white man, and the body was preserved because of its value. Ida mentions that “ten thousand Negroes have been killed in cold blood, without the formality of judicial trial and legal execution,” therefore launching her campaign against lynching in this pamphlet, The Red Record. Frederick Douglass wrote an article explaining three eras of Southern barbarism and the excuses that coincided with each. Ida goes into detail about each excuse.
The first excuse that Ida explains is the “necessity of the white man to repress and stamp out alleged ‘race riots.’” Once the Civil War ended, there were many riots supposedly being planned by blacks; whites panicked and resisted them forcefully.
The second excuse came during the Reconstruction Era: blacks were lynched because whites feared “Negro Domination” and wanted to stay powerful in the government. Wells encouraged those threatened to move their families somewhere safe.
The third excuse was: Blacks had “to be killed to avenge their assaults upon women.” Ida explains that any relationship between a white woman and a black man was considered rape during that time period. In this article she states, “Nobody in this section of the country believes the old threadbare lie that Negro men rape white women.” Ida lists fourteen pages of statistics concerning lynching done from 1892-1895; she also includes pages of graphic stories detailing lynching done in the South. Ida credits the findings to white correspondents, white press bureaus, and white newspapers. The Red Record was a huge pamphlet, not only in size, but in influence.
Ida B. Wells and W. E. B. Du Bois
The lives of W.E.B. Du Bois and Ida B. Wells often ran along parallel tracks. Both used their journalistic writing to condemn lynching. Wells and Du Bois seemed to disagree on the story of how Ida B. Wells’ name was removed from the original list of NAACP founders. Du Bois was more silent on the issue implying Wells chose not to be included.[18] However, in her autobiography, Wells complains that Du Bois deliberately excluded her from the list. [19]
Legacy
Throughout her life Wells was militant in her demands for equality and justice forAfrican-Americans and insisted that the African-American community win justice through its own efforts. Since her death interest in her life and legacy has only grown. Her life is the subject of a widely performed musical drama, which debuted in 2006, by Tazewell Thompson, Constant Star.[20] The play sums her up:
“…A woman born in slavery, she would grow to become one of the great pioneer activists of the Civil Rights movement. A precursor ofRosa Parks, she was a suffragist, newspaper editor and publisher, investigative journalist, co-founder of the NAACP, political candidate, mother, wife, and the single most powerful leader in the anti-lynching campaign in America. A dynamic, controversial, temperamental, uncompromising race woman, she broke bread and crossed swords with some of the movers and shakers of her time: Frederick Douglass, Susan B. Anthony, Marcus Garvey, Booker T. Washington, W. E. B. Du Bois, Frances Willard, and President McKinley. By any fair assessment, she was a seminal figure in Post-Reconstruction America.”
On February 1, 1990, the United States Postal Service issued a 25 cent postage stamp in her honor.[21] In 2002, Molefi Kete Asante listed Ida B. Wells on his list of 100 Greatest African Americans.[22]
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Readers: Well…what do you think? The last quoted paragraph pretty much says it all in a nutshell. Blog me your thoughts…your praises of Wells.
Lena: I realize it is frustrating. You are doing nothing wrong. Who gets in, is all just random and the luck of the draw…for lack of a better way to explain it.
Anonymous #12: You and me both. :)
Urte: I can’t imagine that people wouldn’t already realize this, but thanks for the confirmation, and warning. I haven’t touched seafood since the oil spill. Call me paranoid but after the reports that I have blogged here, I’m erring in my favor. And now, I’m certainly not going to eat any fish from Japan. So much for my love of sushi.
I have more to say but I’ll save it for tomorrow. Until then….
Peace & Love: “Live it, Give it”
Lastly, greed over a great story is surfacing from my “loyal”(?) readers. With all this back and forth about who owns what, that appears on my blog, let me reiterate that all material posted on my blog becomes the sole property of my blog. If you want to reserve any proprietary rights don’t post it to my blog. I will prominently display this caveat on my blog from now on to remind those who may have forgotten this notice.
Gratefully your blog host,
michelle
Aka BABE: We all know what this means by now :)
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